Hypothesis, Model, Theory, and Law

In common usage, the words hypothesis, model, theory, and law have different interpretations and are at times used without precision, but in science they have very exact meanings. Hypothesis Perhaps the most difficult and intriguing step is the development of a specific, testable hypothesis. A useful hypothesis enables predictions by applying deductive reasoning, often in the form of mathematical analysis. It is a limited statement regarding the cause and effect in a specific situation, which can be tested by experimentation and observation or by statistical analysis of the probabilities from the data obtained. The outcome of the test hypothesis should be currently unknown, so that the results can provide useful data regarding the validity of the hypothesis. Sometimes a hypothesis is developed that must wait for new knowledge or technology to be testable. The concept of atoms was proposed by the ancient Greeks, who had no means of testing it. Centuries later, when more knowledge became available, the hypothesis gained support and was eventually accepted by the scientific community, though it has had to be amended many times over the year. Atoms are not indivisible, as the Greeks supposed. Model A model is used for situations when it is known that the hypothesis has a limitation on its validity. The Bohr model of the atom, for example, depicts electrons circling the atomic nucleus in a fashion similar to planets in the solar system. This model is useful in determining the energies of the quantum states of the electron in the simple hydrogen atom, but it is by no means represents the true nature of the atom. Scientists (and science students) often use such idealized models  to get an initial grasp on analyzing complex situations. Theory and Law A scientific theory or law represents a hypothesis (or group of related hypotheses) which has been confirmed through repeated testing, almost always conducted over a span of many years. Generally, a theory is an explanation for a set of related phenomena, like the theory of evolution or the big bang theory.   The word law is often invoked in reference to a specific mathematical equation that relates the different elements within a theory. Pascals Law  refers an equation that describes differences in pressure based on height. In the overall theory of universal gravitation developed by Sir Isaac Newton, the key equation that describes the gravitational attraction between two objects is called the law of gravity. These days, physicists rarely apply the word law to their ideas. In part, this is because so many of the previous laws of nature were found to be not so much laws as guidelines, that work well within certain parameters but not within others. Scientific Paradigms Once a scientific theory is established, it is very hard to get the scientific community to discard it. In physics, the concept of ether as a medium for light wave transmission ran into serious opposition in the late 1800s, but it was not disregarded until the early 1900s, when Albert Einstein proposed alternate explanations for the wave nature of light that did not rely upon a medium for transmission. The science philosopher Thomas Kuhn developed the term scientific paradigm to explain the working set of theories under which science operates. He did extensive work on the scientific revolutions that take place when one paradigm is overturned in favor of a new set of theories. His work suggests that the very nature of science changes when these paradigms are significantly different. The nature of physics prior to relativity and quantum mechanics is fundamentally different from that after their discovery, just as biology prior to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is fundamentally different from the biology that followed it. The very nature of the inquiry changes. One consequence of the scientific method is to try to maintain consistency in the inquiry when these revolutions occur and to avoid attempts to overthrow existing paradigms on ideological grounds. Occam’s Razor One principle of note in regards to the scientific method is Occam’s Razor (alternately spelled Ockhams Razor), which is named after the 14th century English logician and Franciscan friar William of Ockham. Occam did not create the concept—the work of Thomas Aquinas and even Aristotle referred to some form of it. The name was first attributed to him (to our knowledge) in the 1800s, indicating that he must have espoused the philosophy enough that his name became associated with it. The Razor is often stated in Latin as: entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem or, translated to English: entities should not be multiplied beyond necessity Occams Razor indicates that the most simple explanation that fits the available data is the one which is preferable. Assuming that two hypotheses presented have equal predictive power, the one which makes the fewest assumptions and hypothetical entities takes precedence. This appeal to simplicity has been adopted by most of science, and is invoked in this popular quote by Albert Einstein: Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. It is significant to note that Occams Razor does not prove that the simpler hypothesis is, indeed, the true explanation of how nature behaves. Scientific principles should be as simple as possible, but thats no proof that nature itself is simple. However, it is generally the case that when a more complex system is at work there is some element of the evidence which doesnt fit the simpler hypothesis, so Occams Razor is rarely wrong as it deals only with hypotheses of purely equal predictive power. The predictive power is more important than the simplicity. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Netflix The United States Film Industry - 891 Words

One of the struggles for Netflix has always been getting rights to programming. In an effort to save DVD sales Hollywood studios tried to weaken their streaming services by withholding the rights or by charging more for newer movies. Big studios like Warner Bros., Fox and Universal made deals that allowed Netflix to use old movies but only if it waited twenty-eight days after the release of a new DVD before making it available to the public (Balio, 2013). Film executives believe that Netflix is taking the value out of movies by making them available anywhere, anytime (Kaiser, 2011). The fees do not stop them however. The more subscriptions Netflix receives, the more revenue they bring in and the more willing they are to pay the high fees to get films from the studios and the cycle is brought full circle, the more films, the more subscribers (Roth, 2009). Netflix faces a lot of issues when it launches internationally and can impact not only the United States film industry but the foreign film industries as well. Earlier this year when the company tried to launch in France it was met with a lot of criticism. France has a small but strong film industry and is worried that the introduction of Netflix will end it. The French government believes that â€Å"Netflix will undermine the complex system created by broadcasters and the government to protect a French film industry that is central to the country s identity, and a significant part of its economy† (O’Brien, 2014). AccordingShow MoreRelatedNetflix Is An International Provider Of Television Series1571 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Netflix is an international provider of television series, cartoons, and movies. It was founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph on August 29, 1997. It has its headquarters in Los Gatos, California. 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But Netflix has agreed to pick up the show and air it’s new season in 2016. Netflix Inc. â€Å"is an international provider of on-demand Internet streaming media available to viewers in all of North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and parts of Europe† (Wikipedia, 2015). Degrassi was only aired in Canada and the United States, but now that Netflix has agreed to pick up the show, the show will be given the opportunity to be watched by Netflix subscribers around the worldRead MoreNetflix, An American Internet Media Provider, Using Porter s Five Model And The Concepts Of Value Chain1345 Words   |  6 Pagesin satisfying customer demands. This paper will examine Netflix, an American internet media provider, using Porter’s five model and th e concepts of value chain. This paper also includes the analysis on how Netflix uses IT to improve daily operation and attract consumers, hence pushing the company to success. Introduction Company overview Netflix is the largest and popular online DVD rental services company in the United States. The company is able to provide a large number (more thanRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Netflix954 Words   |  4 PagesNetflix was founded in 1997 on a platform that offered video rental by mail. Reed Hastings, the CEO, co-founded Netflix when he decided that he was sick of paying late fees from Blockbuster. Being a subscriber of Netflix at this time meant that you were able to order a video with one day delivery with no hassles of late fees. In 2007, Netflix expanded by providing online streaming of media such as TV shows and movies, while still providing their DVD by mail services which was what they were originallyRead MoreNetflix : A Case Study By Sayan C.e. Carroll And David Spencer1519 Words   |  7 Pages NETFLIX A summary of the case study by Sayan C.E. 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Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Uber †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Uber. Answer: Introduction The previous assignment includes the management and business context about Uber. This discussion continues the previous assessment including an area, i.e. innovation and entrepreneurship. The organization can use this factor to improve its business practices and operations, as it is facing the issues related to intense competition, imitation of the business model, monetization, employee dissatisfaction and lack of loyalty between Uber and its drivers. This report examines the implementation of innovation and entrepreneurship at Uber. Furthermore, it includes the importance and benefits of these two aspects. Uber is a company with high technology, which was established in the year 2009. It connects the transportation industry with the information technology using its app. It offered the services in more than 200 cities in 53 countries by the year 2014. Organization is valued at more than 40$ billion. The data shows that the value of Uber is more than full taxi industry in US (Willcocks, 2016). There are various reasons, why the people love to use Ubers services; such as; it offers easier, more convenient and less expensive rides to reach their location. From last few years, innovation has become a powerful force in shaping the competition and for the survival of the organizations in that competitive environment. Innovation and entrepreneurship are interconnected to each other (Wisdom, 2014). It is very useful tool for the entrepreneurs. It is a process, which needs considerable input and obligation from the organization. It is determined by the by the innovative potential of the employees. It is necessary that organization understands that what can drive the innovation and assist in simplifying it by using systems, strategies, forms of leadership and organizational culture. The entrepreneurs in the business require searching for the sources of innovation and their characteristics, which indicate the opportunities for implementing innovation successfully. Entrepreneurship is not easy to define in few lines (Issac, 2014). This is a big concept and there are many arguments about that what the entrepreneurship is and how one can implement it in the operations. In general, entrepreneurship is the aspect, which includes the practices of entrepreneurs, like; their characteristics, activities and social and economic impact of their behavior. The entrepreneurs cannot be defined by knowing that who they are but they can be defined by knowing what they attain by making creative efforts. In the process of entrepreneurship, the people introduce, design and operate a new business or new start-up. According to a research, entrepreneurship is more than starting a new business (Willcocks, 2016). It includes the entire process in which, the people become more aware about the opportunities, which are there to allow them for developing new and creative ideas and taking initiatives and responsibilities. Importance of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Innovation and entrepreneurship are very important for any organization. Both the contextual factors are interconnected with each other. Innovation is a wide concept, which includes the entrepreneurship. Innovation is necessary for the survival of entrepreneurs (Drucker, 2014). There are some examples of great entrepreneurs with innovation; like; Steve Jobs of Apple and Bill Gates of Microsoft (Price, Stoica Boncella, 2013). These people have shown that luck and money is not enough for the success of organization and entrepreneurship, but it also requires risk taking, creativity and organizational planning. They consider the innovation as a key action of entrepreneurship. The people with entrepreneurship use the innovation to find new opportunities and make changes for generating profits for their business. Entrepreneurship generates the financial gain and keeps the economy floating that raises the importance of innovation in the entrepreneurship. Innovation contributes to the succe ss of the organization. In this competitive environment, innovation is very important to make yourself different from others. The organization should try to develop innovation and entrepreneurship by considering some success factors (Drucker, 2014). These factors are listed below: Organizational structure and systems Strategy and vision of organization Organizational aptitude New ideas and creative management Managing the technologies Leadership Risk management Looking at the above-mentioned factors and identifying the value of innovation and creative entrepreneurship in the organization, the management can be optimistic towards the development and establishment of strategic thinking in an organization (Okpara, 2007). This strategic thinking on all the levels, i.e. individual and organizational levels, will help in developing better understanding about the organization and directs to continuous creativities by making consistency and foresight. Application of the factors in Business practices at Uber Innovation plays an important role in strategic business performance of any organization. Although Uber entered in the market with various innovative practices, but now there are so many competitors in the industry, so there is need of more innovation and entrepreneurship to enhance its business practices (McKissen, 2017). There are so many examples of this type of organizations, like; Apple, Inc., Proctor Gamble and 3M. These are the organizations, which largely owe their excellent business success to a continuous record of successful innovation. If the Uber Company utilizes the innovation and entrepreneurship in its operations, then it will benefit its business practices. At Uber, Innovation is in the DNA. The company is thriving on finding the ways for improving and refining the technology to offer the reliable and safe rides to the customers. The application of Uber connects the drivers with the clients in the ways, which was not possible before five or six years. Uber is continuing to develop the technology to offer new services like; UberPool. This new service allows the customers riding in the same direction by sharing the trip. It assists to cut the costs of a ride and reduce the crowding overtime. Uber must use more innovative practices as the organizational value. It should hire creative people and place a creative culture. Developing innovation and entrepreneurship in the organization will assist in nurture the effective leadership competency (UNSW Business School, 2010). The leaders will help in establish a creative culture. Innovation can improve the products and services and scale up the business of Uber. The management at the Uber, is con sidering some important factors for improving its business practices; these factors are given below; It is the record of Uber that every day over 2 million people take the rides of Uber across 500 cities in the world. This shows that thousands of the people are opening the application of Uber and taking the rides and expecting that they will get reliable and convenient experience (Hunt, 2014). For this, the company has created a site reliability engineers team, which ensures the reliability by providing the people the peace of mind and convincing them that they will get the ride when they need the most. The team performs continuous tests on technology for maintaining the reliability. Strong security begins with a great team in the organization. This is the reason, Uber has large and creative team of software developers, engineers, security officers, data scientists, and privacy management counsel and information security officers (Miller, Fern, Cardinal, 2017). These people utilize both legal and technical resources to provide security to the information of riders and drivers. It is using technology in effective ways for improving the safety of riders. It is using various innovative and entrepreneurial plans; such as; Secure code Strong encryption Monitoring the access of data and information of riders and drivers These practices are improving the business operations of the organization by increasing its customer base. If Uber adds values to these innovations, then it can be able to beat its competitors and cover a huge market share in the industry. Disruptive innovation is the form of innovation, which creates a new value network and new market and ultimately disturbs existing market and displaces already established market leaders in the industry, products and services. In this, the company establish in the market by using few resources (Dawson, P. Andriopoulos, 2014). There is a controversial discussion that Uber is disruptive innovation. Some people have said that this company is using disruptive innovation because it had a large impact on the taxi or cab industry. The people are paying for cabs by using a simple app. Youth are using Uber to reach the places faster and saving their money (Horn, 2016). Another argument says that Uber is not disruptive to the cabs and taxis as it does not meet the tests of disruptive innovation. This can be proven because it did not invent in low-end or new market position and it held on with the majority in a way that has been considered better than new entrants (Gil, 2014). The company is targeting the people, which are already using cabs many times. It has determined as more inexpensive than taxis, but it is not measured as inferior to taxi services. Thus, using this practice can enhance the business operations and practices at Uber. Conclusion From the assessment, it is concluded that Uber is facing various issues related to the customer relationship, technology and innovation and Supply chain management. So, the Uber should use the innovation and entrepreneurship in its operations for maximizing the growth. These two aspects can assist the organization in resolving these issues and enhancing its performance. Innovation and entrepreneurship will play a critical role in improving the business operations and practices of Uber. Thus, Uber should try to innovate and find new ways to serve its riders, communities and driver-partners. References Dawson, P. Andriopoulos, C. (2014). Managing Change and Innovation. Sage Publishing, London, U.K. Drucker, P. (2014). Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Routledge Publications. Gil, E. (2014). Uber and disruption. Retrieved on December 19, 2014, from https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/19/uber-and-disruption/. Horn, M. (2016). Uber Disruptive Innovation and Regulated Markets. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelhorn/2016/06/20/uber-disruptive-innovation-and-regulated-markets/#7d2acef337fb. Hunt, E. (2014). Uber's global expansion in five seconds. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/12/11/ubers-global-expansion/ Issac, E. (2014). Disruptive Innovation: Risk-Shifting and Precarity in the Age of Uber. BRIE Working Paper. McKissen, D. (2017). Uber Really Isn't a Shiny New Thing. It's Actually the Same Old Story. Retrieved from https://www.inc.com/dustin-mckissen/is-uber-an-innovation-or-another-example-of-technology-destroying-working-class-.html. Miller, D. J., Fern, M. J., Cardinal, L. B. (2007). The use of knowledge for technological innovation within diversified firms. The Academy of Management Journal, 50(2), 308326. Okpara, F.O. (2007). The Value of Creativity and Innovation in entrepreneurship. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, Vol 3. Price, D., Stoica M. Boncella, R.J. (2013). The relationship between innovation, knowledge, and performance in family and non-family firms: an analysis of SMEs. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Wisdom, J.P. (2014). Innovation Adoption: A Review of Theories and Constructs. Adm Policy Ment Health, 41 (4). Willcocks, L.P. (2016). Business and management in a global context. University of London.

Report of Fcb Case free essay sample

Its primary operation was to provide air freight transportation which including air freight services, air freight handling services and leasing. FCB was aimed to maintain their niche position not only in the Asia Pacific region but also in China, Thailand and India by delivering best quality customer service and satisfying customer demands. Among of its customers are Worldwide Express, United Parcel Services (UPS), Nationwide Express, Citylink, Bax Global, Nippon Express, Cargo Malaysia Services and Bangor Berhad.FCB had appointed Kenchana Associates as its external auditor. The Protagonist Mr Chuah Mun Soong is the main character in this case. He is an auditor for FCB. He needs to present the financial report of Flat Cargo Berhad to the audit committee of FCB in two weeks. However, there are several inconsistencies reported by his subordinates in the accounts of FCB. The main problem faced by Mr Chuah is there might be high possibility that his client company (FCB) involved in fraud. We will write a custom essay sample on Report of Fcb Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mr Chuah had dilemma either to continue servicing this client company or not.Kenchana Associates reputation might be affected if FCS is really proven to be involved in fraud. The major issue in the case is the inconsistencies in the accounts of FCB. FCB had incorrectly recorded the loan from Hong Kong company to be in its debtors’ account. This posed some questions to auditors’ side whether it is intentionally or not to record it in debtor’s account. The auditors manage to identify several suspicious transaction and recording involving non-current asset and current asset.For example, the auditors found that there is no valid purchase document of aircraft by FCB in 2005 as claimed in the FCB’s financial statement. Further investigation was also found that there is non-functional rundown aircraft in a hanger which might lead to overstated of non-current asset in 2005. Besides that the auditors manage to notify certain debtors’ and sales revenues’ account that found to unverified. In addition, it was also found that loan received from Hong Kong based company was incorrectly recorded in the debtors’ account which lead to overstating the current asset. Inflated . All evidences above were among the issues that posed serious problems. Another issue that should have to be concerned in this case is the issue of its corporategovernance and internal control. It is really something suspicious when it comes to the appointment of FCB’s Board of Directors. Even though it had been specified that the composition of the Board of Directors was in adherence to the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance, something seems to be not right when it comes to the person called Ali bin Ahmad, one of FCB’s Board of Directors.In FCB’s Company, Ali bin Ahmad was not only one of the Directors, but he was also one of theAudit Committee and one of the top management for FCB. At this point, the possibility of unethical conduct could be arisen from the top management, Ali bin Ahmad since he was seemingly had an access and more authority as one of FCB’s Audit Committee. Brief description of case exhibits In Income Statement, the revenue of FCB is steadily increasing from year 2001 until 2005. However, according to auditors, no supporting documents available for several sales transactions in 2005.

NE WIN PERIOD Essays - State Of Burma, Military Dictatorships

NE WIN PERIOD Ne Win Period On 2 march 1962 General NeWin led the military coup detat which overthrew the parliamentary government of U Nu in Burma. He was the longtime Burmese strongman who seized control of his country in a military coup in 1962 and set up an authoritarian government that transformed his homeland, once one of the most prosperous parts of the British Empire, into one of the world's poorest nations. The government of general Ne Win seizure of power, which was rapid, nonviolent, and Ne win military rule continued until four decades. Besides, as soon after new win led the Burma army, he then overthrows U Nus government. U Nu and his ministers are jailed along with over thirty Shan and Karen leaders. Arresting U Nu, along with his cabinet and the tribal chiefs. Claiming he would give Burma a government "appropriate to its needs", he declared martial law, dissolved the legislature and supreme court and abolished the constitution. During the period from 1962 the country was absolutely transformed into a socialist one-party state under the leadership of General Ne Wins and military was declared as the supreme authority. After the coup, the constitution was suspended, dissolved the parliament, abolished the state councils and took control over the state. All political parties, associations and unions were illegalized banned the formation of political parties, protest were brutally suppressed. In form and theory Myanmar remained a federal state but in practical the military junta treated the country as a unitary state . He also established Revolutionary Council which composed entirely of military officials loyal to him. Ne Wins loyal officers initiated military reform as requested and turned the Burmese military into a formidable army. The reform plan included recruitment and training to expand the military, establishment of effective intelligence services, setting up defense institutions, drawing up military doctrines and arms procurement . This coup in 1962 marked the end of constitutional democracy and the beginning of direct military rule in Myanmar. Unfortunately, the military coup in Myanmar since 1962 has failed to address the countrys ongoing governance problems and made things worse.This leads to people rise up to oppose government such as demonstration of the student activists and religious leaders. In the summer of 1988, hundreads of thousand of farmers, urban workers, students, monk and civil servants took to the streets to demonstrate against their government leaders. They denounce military rule in government as there civilian should be in the seat of government. This demonstration action taken by the military government with violence. Causing casualties, as many as 3,000 demonstrators were killed in the action. The event known as the "Generation 88", which involves a series of students and monks. After long government ruled by Genereal Ne Win he then resign from his position as party Chairman in favor of General Sein Lwin in the last session of Congress IV Burma Socialist Programme Party (PPSB), Ne Win announced that he would resign from his position as head of state. He argued that his health began to fail. The end of the reign of Ne Win as Head of State later replaced by the Military Juntai SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration Council).

Understanding Primary and Secondary Groups in Sociology

Understanding Primary and Secondary Groups in Sociology The study of social groups is the main focus of many sociologists because these groups illustrate how human behavior is shaped by group life and how group life is affected by individuals. The two groups on which social scientists mainly focus are primary and secondary groups, called primary because they are a persons primary source of relationships and socialization or secondary because they are of less importance but still significant to the individual. What Are Social Groups? Social groups  consist of two or more people who regularly interact and share a sense of unity and common identity. They see each other often and consider themselves as part of the group. Most people belong to many different types of social groups. They could include family, neighbors, or members of a sports team, a club, a church, a college class, or a workplace. What social scientists are interested in is how the members of these groups relate and interact. Early American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley introduced the concepts of primary and secondary groups in his 1909 book  Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind. Cooley was interested in how people develop a sense of self and identity through their relationships and interactions with others. In his research, Cooley identified two levels of social organization  that are composed of two different kinds of social structure. What Are Primary Groups? Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal, and intimate relationships that last a long time, maybe a lifetime. These relationships are deeply personal and loaded with emotion. The members typically include family, childhood friends, romantic partners, and members of religious groups who have regular face-to-face or verbal interaction and a shared culture and frequently engage in activities together. The ties that bind the relationships in primary groups are made up of love, caring, concern, loyalty, and support. These relationships play important roles in the formation of individuals sense of self and identity because these people are influential in the development of values, norms, morals, beliefs, worldview, and everyday behaviors and practices of all members of the group. The relationships play important roles in the process of socialization that people experience as they age. What Are Secondary Groups? Secondary groups comprise relatively impersonal and temporary relationships that are goal- or task-oriented  and are often found in employment or educational settings. While the relationships within primary groups are intimate, personal, and enduring, the relationships within secondary groups are organized around narrow ranges of practical interests or goals without which these groups would not exist. Secondary groups are functional groups created to carry out a task or achieve a goal. Typically a person becomes a member of a secondary group voluntarily, out of shared interest with the others involved. Common examples include coworkers in an employment setting or students, teachers, and administrators in an educational setting. Such groups can be large or small, ranging from all the employees or students within an organization to the select few who work together on a project. Small secondary groups such as these often disband after completion of the task or project. A secondary group does not exercise a primary influence over its members because they do not live in the presence and thoughts of one another. The average member plays a passive role, and the warmth of the relationships in primary groups is missing Primary Groups vs. Secondary Groups An important distinction between secondary and primary groups is that the former often have an organized structure, formal rules, and an authority figure who oversees the rules, members, and the project or task in which the group is involved. Primary groups, on the other hand, are typically informally organized, and the rules are more likely to be implicit and transmitted through socialization. While it is useful to understand the distinctions between primary and secondary groups and the different kinds of relationships that characterize them, its also important to recognize that there can be overlap between the two. For example, an individual could meet a person in a secondary group who over time becomes a close, personal friend or a romantic partner who becomes a spouse. These people become part of the individuals primary group. Such an overlap can result in confusion or embarrassment for those involved, for instance, when a child enters a school where a parent is a teacher or administrator or when an intimate romantic relationship develops between coworkers. Key Takeaways Here is a nutshell description of social groups and the distinctions between primary and secondary social groups: Social groups  include two or more people who interact and share a sense of unity and common identity.Primary groups are small and characterized by close, personal relationships that last a long time.Secondary groups include impersonal, temporary relationships that are goal-oriented.Secondary groups often have an organized structure, an authority figure who oversees the rules, while primary groups are typically informally organized.There often is an overlap between primary and secondary groups that arises, for example, if an individual forms a personal relationship with someone in a secondary group. Sources: https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-social-groups-primary-secondary-and-reference-groups.html sociologydiscussion.com/difference-between/differences-between-primary-social-group-and-secondary-social-group/2232 https://quizlet.com/93026820/sociology-chapter-1-flash-cards/

Summarize project procurement management and the processes to purchase Research Paper

Summarize project procurement management and the processes to purchase products or services needed for the project - Research Paper Example Solicitation planning deals with documentation of solicitation procedure (which is explained in the following selection). This part also includes some portions of procurement planning if they have been modified since inception (project procurement management, 1996). This process involves obtaining bids, quotes and offers from the sellers and sifting out the potential ones. It costs almost nothing to the performing organization as all the work is done by the selling parties (project procurement management, 1996). Source selection involves the analysis of quotes and bids obtained through solicitation procedure. This process is very straight forward where cost cutting is the primary selection criteria. Quotes are normally sorted into technical and commercial categories. Multiple quotes are considered for analyzing complex goods and services (project procurement management, 1996). It includes analyzing seller’s performance to see if it meets the contractual requirements criterion. For larger procurement orders, this involves managing interface between various providers. This sort of integration and coordination occurs at various levels and involves multiple sellers and products (goods/services) (project procurement management, 1996). It is the last step in the process and involves both product verification (checking if the whole working procedure was performed satisfactorily) and administrative closure (Updating the final result and keeping that data and documents in archives for future use). Contract terms and conditions usually govern the contract close-out. Termination of contract before its expiration is a special feature of contract close-out (project procurement management, 1996). Generic-families is just a synonym for classifying the procurements. It is very beneficial to categorize procurements. It reduces the complexity of various procured goods and services and makes it easier to identify objects against their event timings.

The destruction of all Nuculear Weapons Research Paper

The destruction of all Nuculear Weapons - Research Paper Example Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 7. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 References Abstract The paper is a discussion paper based on the adverse effect of the nuclear weapons. It discusses about the several hazards the development and the usage the nuclear weapons have. The paper supports the argument in favor of the destruction or renouncement of the nuclear weapon, which is a means of mass destruction. Reaction Statement Should human beings attempt to urge the power game forward by deploying nuclear weapons or should he take steps towards renouncing nuclear weapons for the sustainability of mankind? Explanation of the reaction stat ement The reason of choosing this statement is not only concerned about the mass destruction that the nuclear weapon creates but also about the obsessive desire of few countries to gain military superiority and supremacy. 66 years ago, at the dawn of August 6, 1945 the entire city of Hiroshima was shaken with a destructive nuclear bomb attack from US. It was soon followed by another nuclear bomb attack on August 9, 1945 at the city of Nagasaki in Japan. The whole world witnessed how in a span of time the cities with its population of 100,000 to 200,000 individuals went into the clutch of death, devastation and destruction. (Dahat, 2009, p. 1) The most important question that arises now is that whether the entire human species can simply stand and witness the destruction of his fellow being or will he act to destroy the human killing weapons and let humanity flourish. (Makhoul, n. d, p. 82) Defining the issues addressed Nuclear weapons are the most dangerous weapons of mass destructi on, which threatens the life of all the living beings living on the planet. The paper discusses the several grounds on which it deem essential for the elimination of the nuclear weapons. After the wreck the nuclear attack had created in 1945, the nations of the world should understand that the destruction created by nuclear attack of any kind havocs demolition. The paper discussed the several adverse effects of the deploying of nuclear weapons. It has harmful effects on environment and the living beings. It is also against the self and other imposed limitations and ethics of war. Position on the reaction question In the discussion paper the stand taken is in the favor of the destruction of the nuclear weapon and thus states that human being should take a firm step against the usage of nuclear weapons in any form. It criticizes the development and usage of the nuclear weapon under any circumstances. Doing something wrong is regarded as sin, likewise just standing and watching someone doing wrong is a sin as well. The paper focuses on the fact that despite of the presence of Non Proliferation Treaty (NTP), the world is under the threat of destruction of the humanity. The NTP rather than minimizing the threats aggravates it and to some extent favors the Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) state against the non Nuclear Weapons States (NNWS). Analysis It has been known that today the nuclear warheads of the World, Russia and US have ten times more arsenals than what it had during bombing the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It is known that nuclear weapons have not been used after the 1945 attack on Japan but there have been several instances

Magement and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Magement and Leadership - Essay Example Gerald Storch, Target's vice chairman, explained that â€Å"the company had faced three strategic choices to tackle the increased competition in the retail market: to specialize, to become the low-cost producer, or to differentiate Target chose the third option and decided to reposition itself as a mass merchandiser of affordable chic goods† (Barwise & Meehan 2004). For Target, this means that prices are not lower than competitors such as Wal-Mart. It has been said to outperform other discount retailers in store cleanliness, environment and shorter check-out lines. While this may not be important to all customers, it means something to the market segment Target is after. This segment is younger, better educated and more affluent, according to Storch. Affordable ‘chic’ products line the shelves, while the retailer repositiond itself as a more upscale discount store. The trendy goods Target now offers require reorganization of merchandising and supply chains. As the top decision makers develop the strategy, it must be sold to managers of the various departments. In turn, those managers must be able to convey the image to regional and local managers, who actually oversee the day to day operations of stores. Though decisions such as the one Gerald Storch explained are corporate management decisions, repositioning also requires leadership. In order to convey the vision or concept of the new branding strategy, executives like Mr. Storch need to thoroughly explain and show managers the new direction Target has taken.

Effectiveness of conventional language therapy in stroke patients

Effectiveness of conventional language therapy in stroke patients Stroke is a major non-communicable disease of increasing socio-economic importance in aging populations. According to the world health organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease report, stroke was the second leading cause of mortality worldwide in 1990 the third leading cause of mortality in developed countries, (1), causing approximately 4.4 million deaths worldwide. (2), the most recent estimates showed that in 2002, the number of deaths due to stroke reached 5.51 million worldwide, with two-thirds of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Stroke also is a major cause of long-term disability, has an enormous emotional socioeconomic impact on patient, families health services. Speech language problems are common sequelae of stroke that significantly impact the daily lives of stroke survivors. Reduced speech language skills have negative ramifications on the individuals social, vocational recreational activities, often leading to social isolation, loneliness. Given the importance of communication to the stroke survivors quality of life, it is essential that rehabilitation professionals recognized address the speech language disorders associated with stroke. Normal speech language is extraordinarily complex. A number of steps are required, some accomplished sequentially some in parallel that incorporate the following: Conceptualization of an idea generation of a communicative goal. Formulation of a grammatically structural sequence of verbal symbols (words), each consisting of an interacting set of ordered sounds. Selection of a series of neural commands (or) sensorimotor programs that will activate co articulated times, durations, intensities Central peripheral nervous system innervations of muscles of respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation to produce the intended acoustic signal. Stroke can disrupt any of the stages of speech language, resulting in one (or) more of the disorder of aphasia. Disruption to the initial stage involving the structure rules of the linguistic message results in aphasia. Aphasia has been defined as a multimodality language disorder resulting from damage to brain areas that sub serves the formulation understanding of language its components (i.e., phonology, syntax, morphology semantics). Brocas aphasia: It is a motor aphasia (or) non-fluent aphasia. In this type of aphasia, speech output is highly reduced and is limited mainly to short utterances of less than 4 words. The vocabulary access is limited and the sound formation by the patients with Brocas aphasia is often laborious and clumsy. The patient may understand speech relatively well and also be able to read, but be limited in writing. Brocas aphasia is often named as a non fluent aphasia due to the halting of the speech. Fluency: Non-fluent Slow effortful output Short phrase length (less than 4 words) Disrupted prosody of speech. Oral Expression: Agrammatism: Uses primarily substantive content words (nouns, verbs) with few functional words (pronouns, prepositions, articles), most sentences are simplified. May have an associated apraxia of speech. Auditory Comprehension: Relatively good comprehension except for sentences that involve syntactic complexity. Repetition: Poor. Restoration of normal communicational activities of patient is the primary goal of rehabilitation. To reach the aim the physiotherapist can use conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy. Conventional language therapy includes Exercise, Naming, Repetition, sentence completion, following the instructions of therapist and Conversation. The conventional language therapy helps the patient to relearn the simple communicable activities. Constraint induced language therapy includes Word Games like (i) Material constraint (use of minimal pairs), (ii) Shaping rule constraints (form sentences), (iii) Reinforcement constraints. The constraint induced language therapy helps the patient to improve the communicable activities. The combination of conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy would bring about excellent improvements in communicational activities. The commonly used parameter to evaluate the outcome of treatment procedures are the western aphasia battery. The parameter selected for this study is the western aphasia battery. The pre post test values of western aphasia battery will be computed in numbers for comparison. Thus the study intended to compare the effect of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy in improving the communicational activities of stroke patient. This study facilitates to find out the most effective treatment to improve the communicational activities of stroke patients in society at the earliest. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES AIM OF THE STUDY To compare the effectiveness of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To determine the effectiveness of conventional language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. To determine the effectiveness of constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. To determine the effectiveness of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia To find out the effective treatment regarding language functional status in post ischemic stroke Brocas aphsia. HYPOTHESIS NULL HYPOTHESIS The null hypothesis states that there was no any significant difference between conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS The alternate hypothesis states that there was significant difference between conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Pulvermuller F, et. al., (2001) Conducted a study on patients having chronic aphasia were assigned randomly to one group to receive either conventional language therapy or constraint induced language therapy. Patients in both groups received the same level of treatment (30 to 35 hours) as 10 days of massed practice language exercises for the CILT group ( 3 hours/day minimum; for 10 patients) or over a longer period of approximately 4 weeks for the conventional language therapy group ( 7 patients). CILT led to significant and pronounced improvements on approved clinical tests, on self-ratings, and on blinded observer readings of the patients communicative effectiveness in day to day life. Results suggest that the language skills of patients having chronic aphasia can be improved in a short course by the use of an appropriate massed practice method that focuses on the patients communicative needs. 2. Swearengin JA, et. al., (2006) Conducted a pilot study on a group of individuals with chronic aphasia. Here we compared treatment that required forced use of the language modality, CILT, to treatment allowing all modes of communication. Both treatments were administrated intensively, using the same therapeutic stimuli tasks. The results suggest that whereas both interventions yielded positive outcomes, but CILT group showed more consistent improvement on standard aphasia measures and clinician judgments of narrative discourse. Thus these results findings suggest that CILT intervention may be a viable approach to aphasia rehabilitation. 3. Jerzy P. Szaflarski et. al., Conducted a pilot study on three male patients with moderate to severe post-stroke aphasia. They received CILT 3-4 hours per day for 5 successive days. Pre and post testing included formal language evaluation, linguistic analysis of story retell and mini communication activity log. Results showed substantial improvements in comprehension and verbal skills. Thus the results indicate that the CILT is useful tool in language restoration in after stroke. 4. Meinzer M, et. al., (2005) Conducted a study on 27 patients with chronic aphasia received 30 hours of treatment over 10 days. 12 patients were trained with CILT program, for 15 patients the training included a module of written language and an additional training in everyday communication plus CILT. The outcome measures included standardized neurolinguistic testing. The results showed more pronounced and increased language function for patients of the group CILT plus. Thus this effective intervention can be successfully used in the rehabilitation of chronic aphasia patients. 5. Sanjit K. Bhogal BA et. al., Conducted a recent study on aphasic patients had determined that intense aphasia therapy (CILT)over a short period of time has greater impact on recovery than less intense therapy over a longer period of time. Thus this study examines other aspects of aphasia therapy that may be combined to facilitate recovery. Several areas of aphasia therapy have proven to be more effective than others. 6. Cynthia M. Shewan et. al., (2004) Conducted a study on aphasic patients who received one of three types of speech and language treatment was compared with that in aphasic patients who received no treatment. One hundred aphasic patients were followed from 2 to 4 weeks post on set for 1 year or until recovery, using a standardized test battery administered at systematic intervals. Both treatment methods were provided, while the method provided by trained nonprofessionals approached statistical significance. Small group size prevented resolution of the question of whether one type of treatment was superior to another. Thus the results show that language therapy improves the language status of aphasic patients. 7. Robert Teasell, MD et. al., Conducted a study on post stroke aphasic patients. The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between the intensity of aphasia therapy and aphasia recovery. Alterations in mean scores from all studies were recorded. Intensity of the therapy was recorded in means of length of therapy, hours of the therapy provided per week, and the total hours of therapy provided. Pearson correlation was used to check the relationship between changes in average scores of outcome measures and the intensity of therapy. Studies that explained a significant treatment effect gave 8.8 hours of therapy per week for 11.2 weeks versus the negative studies that only gave 2 hours per week for 22.9 weeks. On a mean, positive studies provided a total of 98.4 hours of the therapy, whereas the negative studies provided 43.6 hours of the therapy. Total length of therapy time was judged to be inversely correlated with hours of therapy provided per week (P=0.003) and total hours of therapy given (P=0.001). To tal length of therapy was inversely correlated with mean changes in Porch Index of Communicative Abilities (PICA) scores (P=0.0001). The number of hours of therapy given in a week was significantly related to greater improvement on the PICA (P=0.001) and the Token Test (P=0.027). Total number of hours of therapy was significantly correlated with higher improvement on the PICA (P References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article. 8. Kelly H et. al., (2009) Conducted a study on person with aphasia. They identified 30 trials involving 1840 randomized participants that were suitable for inclusion in this review. Overall, the review shows evidence from randomized trials to suggest there may be a benefit from speech and language therapy. 9. Karyn pingel et. al., (2010) Conducted a study on 9 patients with chronic non fluent aphasia and the patients are selected by Nonrandomized control trial. One group is treated with constraint induced language therapy and next one is treated with conventional language therapy. Both groups received treatment 3h/d, 4d/wk for 2 consecutive weeks. The main outcome measure is Western aphasia battery, Boston Naming Test, Action Naming Test, and linguistic analyses. Although participants in both groups evinced positive outcomes post treatment, the results suggest that CILT subjects showed increased performance on more measures than the traditional subjects. 10. Lynn Maher et. al., (2008) Conducted a study on 48 patients with chronic aphasia. They are randomly assigned for this study. After the treatment session results suggest that individuals with chronic aphasia made substantial, measurable change on a language battery following intensive CILT in regarding with a standardized assessment tool. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of intensive, constraint induced language therapy (CILT) for individuals with chronic aphasia compared with traditional aphasia therapy. 11.loading please wait Berthier ML, et. al., (2009) Conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of both memantine and CILT on chronic post stroke aphasia. Patients were randomized into two groups for interventions after baseline evaluations. The main outcome measure is Western aphasia battery and communicative activity log. In accordance with Western aphasia battery and communicative activity log the best outcomes were achieved combining memantine with CILT subjects. 12.Anastasia Raymer et, al., (2009) Conducted a study on a small group of patients with aphasia to examine the effectiveness of constraint induced language therapy (CILT), in which they are received CILT. In contrast to other aphasia treatment approaches like conventional language therapy. In CILT improved verbal responses than conventional language therapy in accordance with a standardized measurement tool. It is indicated by increase in assessment score. The treatment is provided on an intensive schedule, up to three hours per day for five days per week. Thus the result was concluded that CILT was useful in rehabilitation of language function in aphasia. MATERIALS AND METHDOLOGY MATERIALS Couch. Chair. Pillow. Token. Picture cards. Western aphasia battery scoring sheet. METHODOLOGY Study Design Quasi Experimental Study Design. Study Setting The study was conducted at out patient department in J.K.K. Munirajah Medical Research Foundation College of Physiotherapy, Komarapalayam and District Head Quarters Hospital, Erode under the supervision of the concerned authorities Sampling Method Convenient sampling method. Sample Size Thirty patients with Ischemic Stroke Brocas aphasia, who comes under the inclusion criteria, were taken for the study. Study Duration The study was conducted for a course of 4 months (5 sittings per week). Inclusion Criteria Age group 40-60 years. Both sexes. Right-handed persons Primary Language is Tamil. Adequate hearing and vision to participate in language therapy Unilateral Left CVA involvement Moderate To moderately severe aphasia. Non-fluent aphasia Cognition > 11(MMSE). Exclusion Criteria Degenerative or Metabolic illness. Severe depression or psychiatric disorders. Brainstem stroke. Recurrent stroke History of other neurological impairment (e.g. dementia) Non-Tamil speaking Deaf and dumb Severe apraxia of speech. Parameters Western Aphasia Battery Token Test. Mini Mental State Examination Porch Index of Communicative Abilities (PICA). Technique: Conventional language therapy Exercises Naming Repetition Sentence completion Following instructions Conversations on patients interest topics Constraint induced language therapy Constraint means: Avoiding the use of compensatory strategies such as gesturing, drawing, writing etc. Forced use : Means communicating by talking, and Massed practice : Means 2 to 4 hrs of speech therapy a day. Word Games Material constraints Shaping and rule constraints Reinforcement contingencies Procedure A total number of 30 patients having Ischemic Stroke Brocas aphasia who met the inclusion criteria were recruited by convenient sampling method. After the informed consent obtained, they were partitioned into two groups as Group A and Group B, with 15 patients in each. Hence prior to the onset of treatment, pre-tests were conducted using Western Aphasia Battery and results were recorded for both groups. After a clarifying demonstration about Conventional language therapy, Group A subjects were subjected to Conventional language therapy with supervised for a period of 4 months. After a clarifying demonstration about Conventional Language Therapy with Constrained induced language therapy, Group B subjects were subjected to Conventional Language Therapy with Constrained induced language therapy for a period of 4 months. In the last session, a post test was conducted using Western Aphasia Battery and the results were recorded. In fine, the analysis of the recorded results was carried out for the purposes of comparing the pre-test Vs post-test results, in turn the treatment techniques. Statistical Tool The statistical tools used in the study were pairedt test and unpairedt test. Pairedt test: The pairedt test was used to find out the statistical significance between pre and post test of patients treated with Conventional Language Therapy and Constrained induced language therapy in Ischemic Stroke Brocas Aphasia separately. Formula: Pairedt test: s = t = d = difference between pre test Vs post test values = mean difference n = total number of subjects s = standard deviation. Unpaired t test: The unpaired t test was used to compare the statistically significant difference between Group A and Group B. Formula: Unpaired t test: s = t = n1 = total number of subjects in group A n2 = total number of subjects in group B = difference between pre test Vs post test of group A = mean difference between pre test Vs post test of group A = difference between pretest Vs post test of group B = mean difference between pre test Vs post test of group B s = standard deviation. DATA PRESENTATION TABLE -I S.No GROUP- A Conventional Language Therapy GROUP- B Conventional Language Therapy with Constraint Induced Language Therapy Pre-Test Post-Test Pre-Test Post-Test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 44 46 42 43 45 44 43 44 49 50 43 44 42 45 45 63 61 69 61 65 65 60 66 70 73 67 66 62 68 69 45 45 42 44 43 50 49 44 43 43 45 43 42 46 44 75 73 75 80 81 80 73 75 75 80 72 80 75 81 82 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION This portion deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected from group A and Group B who underwent Conventional Language Therapy And Constraint induced Language therapy TABLE II Group A Table II represents the mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, and paired t value between pre test Vs post test values of Patient Rated Brocas Aphasia Evaluation for group A who have been subjected to Conventional Language Therapy. Western Aphasia Battery Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Paired t value Pre test 44.6 21.07 3 26.31 Post test 65.67 It shows the analysis of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation; the paired t value of pre Vs post sessions of group A was 26.31 at 0.05 level of significance, which was greater than the tabulated value of 2.15. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference in between pre Vs post test results. The pre test mean was 44.6, the post test mean was 65.67 and mean difference was 21.07, which showed that there was a decrease in Brocas Aphasia Evaluation in post test indicating the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention. Graph I -Western Aphasia Battery Evaluation of Group A Pre Post test values TABLE III Group B Table III represents the mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, and pairedt value of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation for group B, who have been subjected to Conventional Language Therapy And Constraint induced Language therapy Western Aphasia Battery Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Paired t value Pre test 44.53 32.6 4.29 29.41 Post test 77.3 Table III shows the analysis of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation; the pairedt value of pre Vs post sessions of group B was 29.41 at 0.05 level of significance, which was greater than the tabulated value of 2.15. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference in between pre Vs post test results. The pre test mean was 44.53, the post test mean was 77.13 and mean difference was 32.6, which showed that there was a decrease in Brocas Aphasia Evaluation in post test indicating the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention. Graph II Western Aphasia Battery Evaluation of Group B Pre Post test values TABLE IV Table IV represents the comparative mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, and unpairedt value between group A and group B on Brocas Aphasia Evaluation. Western Aphasia Battery Mean Mean difference Standard deviation Unpaired t value Group A 21.07 11.53 3.7 8.54 Group B 32.6 Table IV shows the analysis of group A and group B with Brocas Aphasia Evaluation. The unpairedt value of 8.54 was greater than the tabulated unpaired t value of 2.05 at 0.05 level of significance which showed that there was statistically significant difference between group A and group B. The mean value of group A was 21.07 and the mean value of group B was 32.6, and the mean difference was 11.53 which showed that there was a greater improvement in group B when compared to group A. Therefore, the study is rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternate hypothesis. Graph III Mean difference of Group A and Group B Western Aphasia Battery DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Conventional language therapy versus Conventional language therapy with Constraint induced language therapy in improving language function in ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. Based on Berthier ML. et.al., (2009) Karyn pingel et.al., (2010) Studies Western Aphasia Battery was selected as parameter in present study. In the analysis and interpretation of Language function in group A: The paired t value of 26.31 was greater than the tabulated paired t value of 2.15, which showed that there was statistically significant difference at 0.05 level of significance and 14 degrees of freedom between pre and post results. The pre test mean was 44.6, post test mean was 65.67 and mean difference was 21.07, which showed improvements regarding language functional status in response to Conventional language therapy after 4 months. In the analysis and interpretation of Language function in group B: The paired t value of 29.41 was greater than the tabulated paired t value of 2.15, which showed that there was statistically significant difference at 0.05 level of significance and 14 degrees of freedom between pre and post results. The pre test mean was 44.53, post test mean was 77.13 and mean difference was 32.6, which showed improvements regarding language functional status in response to Conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy after 4 months. The results of studies conducted by Jerzy P. Szarflarski.et.al., Meinzer M et.al., Anastasia Raymer, supported the present study in which Conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy was given. IN THE COMPARISON OF GROUP A AND GROUP B: In the analysis and interpretation of Language Function between group A and group B: In the analysis and interpretation of Language function, the unpairedt value of 8.54 which is greater than the tabulated t value of 2.05, at 0.05 level of significance and 28 degrees of freedom, which showed that there was statistically significant difference between the pre test Vs post test results of group A and group B. The mean value of group A was 21.07, mean value of group B was 32.6 and mean difference was 11.53 which showed that there was significant improvements regarding language functional status in group B compared to group A in response to treatment. Based on the statistical analysis and interpretation of the results, the present study showed that there was significant improvement regarding language functional status based on (increase) in Western Aphasia Battery in patients with Ischemic Stroke Brocas Aphasia treated with Conventional language therapy with onstraint induced language therapy. Therefore, the present study is accepting alternate hypothesis and rejecting null hypothesis. Reason for Improvements in Conventional Language Therapy It increases the efficiency and strength of language skills. In conventional language therapy regular exercise and practices are used. It helps to strengthen the weak muscles and to prevent it from further degeneration. Reactivation of the cortex was due to increased responsiveness of weak inputs from neighboring areas. It takes over of existing descending pathways from premotor and supplementary motor cortex which is involved in language control. It used to help a survivor of an aphasic regain his ability to talk, recognize voice patterns and regain the ability to relate words to images. It helps to regaining control over the voice cords is an important part of therapy. Reason for improvements in constraint induced language therapy Constraint induced language therapy is very intensive treatment with sessions lasting for up to 6 hours over the course of 10 days so it gives repeated stimulus to brain. Constraint induced language therapy principles are motivated by neuroscience insights about learning at the level of nerve cells (synaptic plasticity). So it helps to regain language skills. Constraint induced language therapy contrasts sharply with traditional therapy by the strong belief that mechanisms to compensate for lost language function should not be used unless absolutely necessary, even in everyday life. It make coupling between cortical systems for language and action in the human brain and it reverses the elements of learned disuse. It produces some reorganizational changes during language practice. Reason for improvements in conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy It enhances both parallel and hierarchical processing with in central nervous system which induced stored areas of the brain and it result in enhancing effective recovery. It consists of various throat and neck exercises, such as Cognitive Linguistic Therapy. Cognitive Linguistic Therapy concentrates on the patients emotions, coaching them on how to respond to tones of voice or words describing emotions, such as happy. It encourages the patients (constrained) to use their remaining verbal abilities to succeed in the communication game. Here the interaction is guided by communicative need in a language game context, picture cards, and the barriers making it impossible to see other players cards, and other materials, so that it induces active participation of patient. It is believed that CILT works by the mechanism of increased neuroplasticity. By constraining an individual to use only speech, it is believed that their brain can reestablish old neural pathways and recruit new neural pathways to compensate for lost function SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION SUMMARY The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Conventional language therapy alone with combined effect of Conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy on language function in Ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia. A total number of 30 subjects with Ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia were selected by convenient sampling method after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then informed consents were obtained from subjects individually. Western Aphasia Battery was taken as the parameter. Pre test data were collected for group A and group B patients and computed. Group A patients were subjected to Conventional language therapy and Group B patients were subjected to Conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy for a period of 4 Months. The results of the same parameter were recorded for comparison after four months of treatment. The paired t test was used to compare the pre versus post test results of Group A and Group B separately. The unpaired t test was used to compare the mean difference of

Orem’s General Theory of Nursing Essay

Theoretical Framework According to Orem’s General Theory of Nursing, the theory of self care deficit results when self care agency is not adequate to meet the self-care demand. Moreover, it explains when people need nursing care and how people can be assisted. In relation with Mrs. DNB, she is unable to perform any self care actions because of her complications. Our role as a nurse is to help and meet the self care needs of our patient by guiding and directing to prevent any further infection, providing physical or psychological support and maintain a quiet environment to recover from their illness. We as nurses should teach our patient for them to learn to perform self care measures which is important for their recovery. OREM SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY Orem’s purpose for developing the Self-Care Framework was two-fold: she was trying to find the meaning of nursing and to develop a body of nursing knowledge in rendering care to the patient. Orem theory has focused on the beginning development of scientific knowledge in the field of nursing. In her theory, Orem defines the four concepts that constitute nursing’s metaparadigm, such as health, nursing, environment and human being. HEALTH- In addressing the concept of health, Orem says health and healthy are terms used to describe living things. It is when they are structurally and functionally whole or sound life. She further clarifies her position by defining health as â€Å"a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. NURSING- Orem sees nursing as â€Å"an art through which the practitioner of nursing gives specialized assistance to persons with disabilities of such a character that greater than ordinary assistance is necessary to meet daily needs for self care of their patient. Nursing consists of actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environment. ENVIRONMENT- Orem sees environment as encompassed by two dimensions—physical, chemical and biologic features and socioeconomic features. Physical, chemical, and biologic features include things such as atmosphere, pollutants, weather conditions, pets, infectious organisms and the like are important in helping your client recover from their condition. HUMAN BEING- Orem’s work in her humanistic category, the Self-Care Framework is most appropriately placed in the developmental category of knowledge because it addresses self-care agency, self-care deficits, and therapeutic demands as they present throughout life.

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay

1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievement. Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

I Have a Dream - Childrens Book About MLK Junior

I Have a Dream - Childrens Book About MLK Junior On August 28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his I Have a Dream speech, a speech that is still remembered and honored today. I Have a Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., published in recognition of the 50th anniversary of the minister and civil rights leaders dramatic speech, is a childrens book for all ages that adults will also find meaningful. Excerpts of the speech, chosen for their accessibility to childrens understanding, are paired with the stunning oil paintings of artist Kadir Nelson. At the end of the book, which is in picture book format, youll find the full text of the Dr. Kings speech. A CD of the original speech is also included with the book. The Speech Dr. King delivered his speech to the more than a quarter of a million people participating in the March for Jobs and Freedom. He delivered his speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. While stressing nonviolence, Dr. King made it clear that, Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. In the speech, Dr. King outlined his dream for a better America. While the speech, which was interrupted by cheers and applause from the enthusiastic audience, only lasted about 15 minutes, it and the integrated march had a profound impact on the Civil Rights Movement. The Books Design and Illustrations I had the opportunity to hear Kadir Nelson speak at the 2012 Book Expo America Childrens Literature Breakfast about the research he did, the approach he took, and his goals in creating the oil paintings for I Have a Dream. Nelson said he had to memorize Dr. Kings speech on short notice as a fifth grader just after moving to a new school. He said doing so made him feel stronger and more confident, and he hoped I Have a Dream would similarly affect children today. Kadir Nelson said that at first he wondered what he could contribute to Dr. Kings magnificent vision. In preparation, he listened to Dr. Kings speeches, watched documentaries and studied old photographs. He also visited Washington, D.C. so he could create his own photographic reference and better imagine what Dr. King saw and did. He and the editor worked to decide on what portions of Dr. Kings I Have a Dream would be illustrated. They chose segments that were not only important and well known but that spoke loudest to children. In illustrating the book, Nelson created two types of paintings: those that illustrated Dr. King giving the speech and those that illustrated Dr. Kings dream. At first, Nelson said he was unsure how to differentiate the two. It ended up that when illustrating the setting and mood of the day, Nelson created oil paintings of the scene as it was during Dr. Kings speech. When it came to illustrating the dream, Nelson said he tried to illustrate not the words so much as the concepts they represented and he used a bright cloud-like white background. Only at the end of the book, do the dream and reality merge. Kadir Nelsons artwork wonderfully illustrates the drama, the hopes and the dreams laid out that day in Washington, D.C. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The choice of excerpts and Nelsons sensitive illustrations combine to create meaning for even younger children who may not yet be mature enough to understand the full speech. The scenes that look out over Dr. Kings audience emphasize the breadth of his impact. The large close-up paintings of Dr. King emphasize the significance of his role and his emotions as he delivers the speech. Martin Luther King, Jr - Childrens Books and Other Resources There are several books about Martin Luther King, Jr. that I particularly recommend for children 9 and older who are interested in learning more about the civil rights leaders life. by Doreen Rappaport, provides an overview of Kings life and packs an emotional punch with its dramatic illustrations by Bryan Collier. The second, Portraits of African American Heroes features a portrait of Dr. King on the cover. He is one of 20 African Americans, men and women, featured in the nonfiction book by Tonya Bolden, along with sepia-toned portraits of each by Ansel Pitcairn. For educational resources, see Martin Luther King, Jr. Day: Lesson Plans You Can Use and Martin Luther King, Jr. Day: General Information and Reference Material. Youll find additional resources in the linkboxes and below. The Illustrator Kadir Nelson Artist Kadir Nelson has won numerous awards for his childrens book illustrations. He has also written and illustrated several award-winning childrens books: We Are the Ship, his book about the Negro Baseball League, for which he won the Robert F. Sibert Medal in 2009. Children who read Heart and Soul will learn about the Civil Rights Movement and the important role that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. played. The CD Inside the front cover of I Have a Dream is a plastic pocket with a CD in it of Dr. Kings original I Have a Dream speech, recorded on August 28, 1963. It is interesting to read the book, then the entire text of the speech and, then, listen to Dr. King speaking. By reading the book and discussing the illustrations with your children, youll gain insight as to the meaning of Dr. Kings words and how your children perceive them. Having the entire text in print allows older children to ponder Dr. Kings words more than once. Dr. King was a compelling speaker and what the CD does, is allows listeners to experience for themselves Dr. Kings emotion and impact as he spoke and the crowd responded. My Recommendation This is a book for family members to read and discuss together. The illustrations will help younger children to grasp more of the meaning of Kings speech and will help all ages to better understand both the significance and the impact of Dr. Kings words. The addition of the text of the entire speech at the end of the book, along with a CD of Dr. King delivering the speech, make I Have a Dream an excellent resource for the 50th anniversary of Dr. Kings speech and beyond. (Schwartz Wade Books, Random House, 2012. ISBN: 9780375858871) Disclosure: A review copy was provided by the publisher. For more information, please see our Ethics Policy.

Ferdinand Porsche essays

Ferdinand Porsche essays Ferdinand Porsche was born on September 3, 1875. Always interested in things mechanical, at the age of 15 he equipped his family's home with electricity, designing and building the generator and even the light bulb. The name Porsche first appeared on a car in 1900, the Lohner-Porsche, a battery-powered car that was first shown at the Paris Exhibition. In 1906 Porsche was hired by the Daimler Motor Co. as Technical Director, and eventually becoming the Chief Engineer. One of his Mercedes designs created for Daimler-Benz won the 1924 Targa Florio, and he built on this success to create the Mercedes-Benz S series of the late 1920s, cars which have been referred to as "street Porsche proposed a mass-produced Mercedes-Benz for the ordinary driver but was turned down by his employer, so he left the Daimler-Benz organization and started up on his own. The Volkswagen plan dates from this time, along with three aerodynamic versions built for racing.During World War II Porsche found himself working for hitler and building projects such as producing farm tractors. Hitler got porsche to build him the Kubelwagen, the Schwimwagen, and even a car that used wood as fuel to opperate in the war.But in 1946, when Porsche's son Ferry and daughter Louise Plech joined the firm, they returned to the goal of sports car design. The Porsche Type 356 went into production Porsche died in 1951, having seen the Porsche name on a sports car. ...

Intrapreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intrapreneurship - Essay Example What does it mean, to intrapreneur with power In essence it means to use power effectively in the intrapreneuring process. I will attempt to clarify the meaning of intrapreneuring with power by explaining the overall process in five step (Brandt, 1988). 4. What are your sources of power and influence What sources of power can you develop to gain more control over the situation With your sources of power, which strategies and tactics for using power seem most appropriate The first step is to clarify your vision and objectives. This clarification step serves two purposes: First, it provides a basis for identifying who, inside and outside the firm, will be affected if the venture accomplishes its stated objectives. These people will almost certainly want either to support the venture or to obstruct its progress. Second, it enables the venture manager to identify what kind of help is needed for the venture to succeed. The second step involves systematically identifying all the people, groups, or organizations on whom the venture's outcome depends. These parties include: the major internal units that would be affected by the venture's success (for example, departments competing for the resources needed by the venture); the venture's prospective customers, distributors, and suppliers and their competitors; such groups as shareholders, employees, and unions (These groups should be retained only if they are relevant to the outcome.) In the third step, we must figure out what point of view these various individuals and subunits have on issues of concern to us. As a starting point we should identify the venture's opponents and allies. The opponents are those groups that will be, or we think will be, adversely affected if the venture succeeds. The analysis should turn up two or three key internal parties who are likely to obstruct the venture's progress. It should also identify two or three key external parties that have a vested interest in the venture's failure. We pinpoint their strengths and weaknesses. Also, the venture manager should identify key allies inside and outside the firm. All parties that would benefit from the venture's success should be identified. Even if they have not yet become allies, they are potential allies. The allies are the players whose support is most critically needed to promote the venture's progress. Particular attention should be paid to those who can help the venture meet its immediate objectives. With limited resources, the venture manager must rely on the resources of allies whenever they are available. In the fourth step we understand that intrapreneuring with power means

International business news Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

International business news - Article Example Low economic growth in US will affect interest rates and exports earnings (CBC 2012). On the other hand, the problem of the emerging markets like china is inflation. Canada should therefore review its policies and increase its trading with the emerging markets to record stable performance and fiscal performance. The article also further explains the impact of fiscal slippage on interests rates. Canada must thus ensure that it shields its financial market from the risk of recording increasing interest rates as this would reduce rate of investment and reduce economic performance. The lack of fiscal stability in the developed nations would affect other economies. The final section of the article contains the how Canada should enter into trading partnership with the growing economies. Canada’s share of exports to these emerging markets has reduced by 50% and this calls for urgent need to increase its exports to exploit the growing demand (CBC 2012). The article recommends that Canada require concerted efforts to develop trade with the emerging economies to maintain its fiscal stability and earnings from efforts. Canada business should also improve on the competitiveness; look for new suppliers in order to maintain stability in the volatile economy. In summary, the article raises concern over the increasing fiscal instability of the leading economies on Canada economic stability and recommends increased trading with the emerging markets. High global debt will impact Canada: Carney - Business - CBC News. (n.d.). CBC.ca - Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV. Retrieved March 21, 2012, from

North Carolina Drug Courts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

North Carolina Drug Courts - Essay Example Therapeutic justice encourages Drug Courts’ judges to address the underlying issues that lead to drug abuse (Cooper & Knotts, 2008). Since their inception in the year 1989, more than ten thousand drug offenders have taken part in Drug Court programs nationwide, and about 71 percent offenders have completed Drug Court successfully or are still involved in Drug Court (Hennessy & Pallone, 2002). This paper looks into the North Carolina Drug Courts. The North Carolina Drug Treatment Courts (DTC) were established in the year 1995 by law to monitor and enhance treatment services’ provision to adult offenders who are chemically dependent while holding them strictly responsible for adhering to their treatment plans as ordered by the court. Presently, North Carolina has about forty-two operational Drug Treatment Courts, which serve approximately 33% of apt intermediate-level lawbreakers. In the year 2001, the Drug Treatment Courts were expanded to take in substance-dependent par ents of abused or neglected children as well as juvenile offenders addicted to drugs. In July of the year 2004, in an attempt to intervene actively and bring crime and addiction cycle to an end, North Carolina’s General Assembly defined DTCs as an Intermediate Sanction/punishment that is under the Structured Sentencing statute. As expected, intermediate sanction offers an efficient substitute to the range of graduated punishment between incarceration and probation. As a probation requirement, lawbreakers at the intermediate level who are sent to DTCs should abide by the rules of the program; turn up as required, in addition to participating in alcohol or drug treatment programs, court supervision, as well as drug testing or screening (Davis, 2009). The North Carolina Drug Treatment Courts seek to diminish the alcohol and other drug-linked court workload, decrease alcoholism as well as other dependencies on drugs among juvenile and adult defendants and offenders and amongst re spondents in juvenile appeals for neglect and/or abuse; and to diminish delinquent and criminal recidivism and child neglect and abuse incidences. They also aim to endorse effectual use and interaction of resources amid community agencies, personnel in criminal and juvenile justice, and child protective services agencies; and to enhance the societal, familial, and personal answerability of juvenile and adult lawbreakers and respondents and defendants in juvenile appeals for neglect and/or abuse. Concisely, DTC’s overall aim is to attain a considerable break of addiction cycle that brings about recurring incidents of breaking the law. By improving the prospects of the substance-driven lawbreaker to remain socially responsible and free of crime and drug, the courts seeks out the reduction of the health system, justice system, as well as additional societal costs linked with enduring involvement in criminal activities as well as the use of drugs (The North Carolina Court System, N.d). The courts started offering case-tracking and treatment services in the year 1996. In its thirteen judicial districts, the state of North Carolina runs seventeen treatment courts for adults. It also operates juveniles’ drug courts as well as family drug treatment courts for parents who are attempting to recover guardianship of their children. Adult defendants who have

What do we learn about the role played by Curleys wife in of mice and men Essay Example for Free

What do we learn about the role played by Curleys wife in of mice and men Essay Curleys wife is a very interesting character. As the sole woman in the novel she could be said to represent her gender. However, few readers would regard her in a positive manner. Even before she appears in the novel, readers are given a negative impression of her as a sexual promiscuous character. Her role in the novel allows Steinbeck to develop hes central themes such as loneliness and dreams. In society women are terribly degraded by mens comments and actions. They are victims of prejudiced, which leads to loneliness. she got the eye goin all the time on everybody. I bet she gives the stable buck the eye. Curleys wife is never referred to anything but Curleys wife. This symbolises that she is thought of as hes property. None of the men speak very highly of her they all think in their words that she is Jail bait. This is realistic because even today we see this type of sexism occurring. Curleys wife walks the ranch as a temptress, she also hides a deep sense of loneliness behind the tramp, tart and bitch attitude she puts on. Her first outburst in crooks room shows her image. Satiday night. Everybody out doing sompin. Everbody! An what am i doin? Standin here talkin to a bunch of bindle stiffs, a nigger an a dum- dum and a lousy ol sheep, an likin it because they aint nobody else. For a young lady to be left home alone all day would send anyone in a deep state of depression. She is married to a man that gives her little attention and none of hes time. This is why I think she degrades herself. She shows little or no sign of respect for herself. She flirts with other men to keep herself entertained. Swell guy aint he? Spends all his time saying what hes gonna do to guys he dont like and he dont like no body. As a woman during the depression she has no choice but to marry someone who can support her. Society gives jobs and independence to men and women have no power. She is at the bottom of society. Her marriage to Curley is a disaster because he only cares about himself and he isnt interested in her at all. Curleys wife understands that all men think of her as an object, she uses her beauty to attract men so they will talk to her. She put her hands behind her back and leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forward. She needs friends and people to talk to, but everyone turns her away. Curley is jealous and treats her like his possession to be guarded, she feels frustrated. Whats the matter with me? Aint I got the right to talk to nobody? Desperate to satisfy her need for belonging and love, she turns to strangers such as Lennie, the only person that she feels she can talk to. She hints at her loneliness when she says, Seems like they aint none of them cares how i gotta live, Her aggravation and frustration about being lonely is being released, and she may be free from loneliness because she has finally released most of her feelings and emotions before her death. Loneliness is a large aspect of the novel. Different characters deal with it in different ways. When Curleys wife opens up to Lennie the readers sympathise with her. Well I aint told this to nobody before This shows her inner feelings of how desperate she is in wanting a friend. She is successful in getting a person like Lennie to talk to and trust in, but from all this she had been killed by the hands of the one she trusted. Curleys wife has a dream she wants something to call her own, she wants fame, fortune and admiration. When she is talking to Lennie, alone in the barn, she recounts her obviously well told stories of her offers of fame. Coulda been in the movies an had nice clothes. She is unhappy with her husband, and his constant stories of who hes going beat up next. This brings up a very important question in the readers minds. Why did she marry Curley? I ast her if she stole it, too an she says no, so I married Curley. This shows that Curleys wife is a very stubborn character she wants everything her own way, and doesnt care what she has to sacrifice. She seems to have a deep regret that she didnt take up either of the men on their offers. This dream is important to her because it decides weather or not shes going to try again and go on in life and be a success and full fill her dream of being an actress or that she stays where she is and becomes something else. She tells Lennie of her need for affection, and how she needs to be wanted. Curleys wife does not seem at all likely to achieve her dreams. Even if she wasnt murdered, she was stuck in a rut with Curley, a rut that would have gone round and round in until he left her for a new woman, or she finally built up the courage to leave him. The first description of Curleys wife is described very differently from how Steinbeck describes her at the end of the novel. Steinbecks first description is very sharp and harsh. She had full roughed lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made up Steinbeck describes her to be a tart; he wants the readers to think that she looks like a prostitute. When Curleys wife is murdered hes description is changed. she was very pretty, simple and her face was sweet and young. This description was given after her death, there is a hidden meaning to why I think Steinbeck did this. He wants the readers to understand that the description that was given earlier in the novel was what everyone thought of her, it was like a mask she had on. Her real personality and her real self were only discovered before she died.