The Cultural Practices Of Buddhism - 1460 Words

In a general ranking of all the major religions in the world, Buddhism is a top contender. Practiced mainly in the eastern hemisphere and originating from ancient India, it has a following of hundreds of millions of people. Founded by a young man by the name of Siddhartha Gotama from Lumbini, now called Nepal, it characterises itself as a religion of truth and morality. Siddhartha Gotama, now referred to as Buddha, taught many things; however, the main principles of Buddhism can be summarized into the Law of Karma, the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. With major strides in globalization in the last few decades, the teachings and principles of Buddhism have become more familiar to western cultures. The increase in the exposure to Buddhism has also been accompanied by a greater effort to be culturally aware and ultimately respectful to practicing Buddhists. In healthcare, where there is a wide cross section of individuals, the need for cultural awareness exists even more . This paper will discuss some of the cultural practices of Buddhists, as it relates to their beliefs, and the impact they have on the wellness and illness or Buddhists. It will also show how the ignorance of cultural differences in Buddhism can be remedied by cultural competency which would be expressed in the form of encourage therapeutic care. In Buddhism, the law of Karma is a law of cause and effect. According to Buddhism, everything that exists must have a cause (Rodgers Yen, 2002).Show MoreRelatedChina And Jap Spirituality, Belief And Faith Are Personal1271 Words   |  6 PagesStudy of Religion in China and Japan Spirituality, belief and faith are personal. This statement means that an individual takes his own path on religion. Religion is a system of worship that connects human behaviors, practices, organizations, ethics, texts and world views to the supernatural world. Religion is widespread and diverse in various ways. The contents of one religion may not be similar to those of other religions. The differences may be identified through the supernatural being, faithRead MoreA Review of Nirvana for Sale by Rachelle M. Scoot Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagespiety in Thailand Theravada Buddhism. Through ethnographic methods, the book seeks to describe this relationship in a historically situated context. Thus, the book is concerned with cultural praxis within the context of religious discourses about wealth and piety. As a piece of ethnography, the work is competent, but draws little attention to the classic anthropological methodology of participant observation, characterized by long-term engagement with local cultural practices. Instead the claims madeRead MoreReligious Ideologies And Practices Behind Buddhism843 Words   |  4 Pagesreligion that I did not consider myself well versed with was Buddhism. From my previous encounters with this religion, I had learned that its teachings embody the idea of karma and rebirth. As means to broaden my knowledge and learn more about the religious ideologies and practices behind Buddhism, I spoke with Professor Ann Burlein of the Religion and Philosophy Department. I had originally planned to attend Professor Burlein’s Buddhism in America class, but due to time conflicts I resorted to meetRead MoreReligious And Ethnic Groups : Asians And Buddhism1446 Words   |  6 Pages Religious and Ethnic Groups: Asians and Buddhism in America Ladina K. Q. Pagud ETH/125 January 25, 2015 Robert Nobis Religious and Ethnic Groups: Asians and Buddhism in America Asian Americans are a distinctive ethnic group that has made up of 5% of the United States population. It is made of a variety of descendants, from a dozen countries in Far East and Southeastern Asia. Each of these countries have a unique culture, language, and history that has contribute to American culture today.Read MoreIntroduction. The Pilgrimage Of Faxian And Xuanzang To1548 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant event in the cultural exchange between China and India because their experiences of pilgrimages have significant effects on not only development of Buddhism in China as well as cultural exchange between China and India. Faxian and Xuanzang actively participated in various Buddhist activities in India. Their travel experiences were maintained in detailed records of their precious books, which are preservation of valuable historical information such as Ancient Buddhism, geography and socialRead MoreThe Four Noble Truths Of Buddhism1635 Words   |  7 PagesIn the history of Bu ddhism, suffering has always remained a key concept as it is the main reason for using Buddhist principles and practices to relieve ourselves from it. The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism inform us of the following principles: suffering exists in life, there is a cause to our suffering, there is an end to our suffering, and following the eightfold path can relieve our suffering. Traditional forms of Buddhism suggest that we can overcome suffering by attaining Nirvana, or the stateRead MoreCulture Reflection1288 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven day. It is important to understand these differences because certain cultures have different beliefs that will affect how we develop their treatment plan. Many times these individuals need individualized care planes to meet there religious and cultural costumes. The culture I will be reflecting on in healthcare is the Chinese culture. The reflection will go through their belief system, customs, and how as healthcare professionals we will be able to pr ovide excellent care while incorporating thereRead MoreBuddhism : A Religion Of Enlightenment And Self Meditation1562 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism first came to China from India around 500 AD. Buddha, the enlightened one, is the founder of Buddhism as a religion. Buddhism is China’s oldest foreign religion merging from Daoism and folk religion. At first, Buddhism did not attract many people, however during 200 AD, Buddhism gained a firm position in China and has continued to be one of China’s top religions. Buddhism, in summary, is a religion of enlightenment and self-meditation. The role of the family in Chinese culture, specificallyRead MoreEssay on Two Religions-Two Paths: Buddhism and Hinduism805 Words   |  4 PagesBuddhism and Hinduism-- the core area of both is Northern India and each spread through the Indian subcontinent, yet both did not seem to expand with the same radius. Buddhism flourished and spread across central and eastern Asia; whereas, Hinduism generally stayed close to home, in India. The question now becomes why. The main area where these religions emerged is referred to as ‘religion hearths’, and these religions originated where large civilizations also did in Mesopotamia, the Nile, and theRead MoreBuddhism Is Considered A Religion Or A Philosophy961 Words   |  4 Pageswhether buddhism is considered a religion or a philosophy but I believe that it is both. According to (https://www.google.com/#q=buddhismBuddhism) is a non-theistic religion or philosophy that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. Buddhism inhabits several traits that consider it a religion and a philosophy. There is not a clear distinction that defines buddhism as one or the other. Some practices of Buddhism display

Biology Prefixes and Suffixes Cephal-, Cephalo-

The word part cephal- or cephalo- means head. Variants of this affix include (-cephalic), (-cephalus), and (-cephaly). Words Beginning With  (Cephal-) or (Cephalo-) Cephalad (cephal-ad): Cephalad is a directional term used in anatomy to indicate positioning toward the head or anterior end of the body. Cephalalgia (cephal-algia): Pain located in or near the head is called cephalalgia. It is also known as a headache. Cephalic (cephal-ic): Cephalic means of or relating to the head, or located near the head. Cephalin (cephal-in): Cephalin is a type of cell membrane phospholipid found in body cells, particularly in brain and spinal cord tissue. It is also the main phospholipid in bacteria. Cephalization (cephal-ization):  In animal development, this term refers to the development of a highly specialized brain that processes sensory input and controls body functions. Cephalocele (cephalo-cele): A cephalocele is a protrusion of part of the brain and meninges through an opening in the skull. Cephalogram (cephalo-gram): A cephalogram is an X-ray of the head and facial area. It assists in obtaining accurate measurements of the jaw and facial bones and is also used as a diagnostic tool for conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea. Cephalohematoma (cephalo-hemat-oma): A cephalohematoma is a pool of blood that collects under the scalp. It typically occurs in infants and results from pressure during the birthing process. Cephalometry (cephalo-metry): The scientific measurement of the bones of the head and face is called cephalometry. Measurements are often taken using radiographic imaging. Cephalopathy (cephalo-pathy): Also called encephalopathy, this term refers to any disease of the brain. Cephaloplegia (cephalo-plegia): This condition is characterized by paralysis that occurs in the muscles of the head or neck. Cephalopod (cephalo-pod): Cephalopods are invertebrate animals, including squid and octopuses, that appear to have limbs or feet that are attached to their heads. Cephalothorax (cephalo-thorax): The fused head and thorax section of the body seen in many arthropods and crustaceans is known as the cephalothorax. Words With  (-cephal-), (-cephalic), (-cephalus), or (-cephaly) Brachycephalic (brachy-cephalic): This term refers to individuals with skull bones that are shortened in length resulting in a short, broad head. Encephalitis (en-cephal-itis):  Encephalitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the brain, typically caused by viral infection. Viruses that cause encephalitis include measles, chickenpox, mumps, HIV, and herpes simplex. Hydrocephalus (hydro-cephalus): Hydrocephalus is an abnormal condition of the head in which the cerebral ventricles expand, causing fluid to accumulate in the brain. Leptocephalus (lepto-cephalus): This term means slim head and refers to having an abnormally tall and narrow skull. Megacephaly (mega-cephaly): This condition is characterized by the development of an abnormally large head. Megalencephaly (mega-en-cephaly): Megalencephaly is the development of an abnormally large brain. Individuals with this condition may experience seizures, paralysis, and decreased cognitive function. Mesocephalic (meso-cephalic): Mesocephalic refers to having a head that is of a medium size. Microcephaly (micro-cephaly): This condition is characterized by an abnormally small head in relation to body size. Microcephaly is a congenital condition that can be caused by chromosome mutation, exposure to toxins, maternal infections, or trauma. Plagiocephaly (plagio-cephaly): Plagiocephaly is a skull deformity in which the head appears asymmetrical with flat regions. This condition occurs in babies and results from abnormal closure of cranial sutures. Procephalic (pro-cephalic): This directional anatomy term describes a position located near the front of the head.

GCSE Catering internation week - 4903 Words

International week The local hotel in my area is holding an international week. As the trainee chef I have been invited to take part and have been asked to prepare a two course meal from a country of my choice. Planning: I have chosen this task because I thought it would be quite interesting as we get to explore many different countries and their foods. I am also very passionate about international food. This was also a very good way to learn new cooking skills the country may use. I had many difficulties trying to find a country that would be suited for this event as many countries caught my attention due to their traditions, foods and skills of cooking. I plan to investigate this task by researching different countries and the†¦show more content†¦Going on a trip We went to an all-you-can-eat buffet and we wanted to find out the different foods presented there. We also wanted to find out what type of food would be suitable for international week. We also got to taste the food and explore the tastes of different countries such as India, china and even America. This trip to the all-you-can-eat buffet helped me pick out foods that tasted good. It showed me how dishes were presented. The tables that were set were very elegant and the atmosphere was welcoming. The foods were delicious. They had foods from ice cream to burgers. Background information: America America, also known as the New World, are the combined continental landmass of the North America and South America continents Along with their associated islands, they cover 8.3% of the Earths total surface area (28.4% of its land area). The first European discovery of and settlement in the Americas was by the Norse explorer Leif Ericson. However the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned. The voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent contact with European (and subsequently, other Old World) powers, which led to the Columbian exchange. Diseases introduced from Europe and Africa devastated the Indigenous peoples, and the European powers colonised the Americas Mass emigration from Europe, including large numbers of indentured servants, and forced

Rwanda And Genocide Of The Twentieth Century - 1370 Words

Destexhe, Alain. Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. New York, New York: New York University Press: 1995 Argues that the Hutu and Tutsi do not have a deep rooted hatred towards each other-- they shared a language, followed the same traditions, and lived in the same areas. Determines that the root of these tensions was the exaggeration of stereotypes by those in power. Indeed, politicians often played the ethnic card to explain away political difficulties. It was through political plays that this distinction became relevant. ___________________________________________ Strauss, Scott. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2006 the hateful sentiment towards the Tutsi combined with the orders to kill this population allowed powerful local leaders-- mayors, priests, and the like- to take control of the Hutu populations and affirm their compliance Rwandan state government had high leves of influence on local levels of government, and thus highly effective at civilian mobilization. This, combined with governmental sponsored anti-Tutsi propaganda led to the association of killing Tutsi with compliance to defacto policy. the killings were legitimized through the rational that the eradication of the Tutsi would eliminating a threat, on self protection, and the re-establishment of order after the chaos that ocurred after the death of Habyramina Argues that the killings depended on the idea that TutsisShow MoreRelatedForensic Anthropology In War Crimes. The End Of The Twentieth1199 Words   |  5 PagesForensic Anthropology in War Crimes The end of the twentieth century was a particularly dark time in history in regards to human rights abuses and genocide. In 1948, the United Nations proposed and approved the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG). This convention, put into force in 1951, confirmed that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or in time of war, is a crime under international law and that the contracting parties would undertake actionsRead MoreSpeech On The Hitler Youth913 Words   |  4 Pagessoldiers in WWII, as well as the older ex-members. Perhaps the Hitler Youth members played the roles of enforcers of the killing program and pressured others into doing the same. A further demonstration of latent prejudice in twentieth century societies contributing to genocide is the lack of large-scale support for the Jews from outsiders. According to Shlomo Aronson, the Allied Powers had influence in the Holocaust and could have taken steps to lessen the plight of the Jews, but instead turned aRead MoreGeneral Karenzi Karake Is Part Of The International Community755 Words   |  4 PagesPresident Juvenal Habyarimana assassination while flying back to Rwanda by unknown fighters triggered the last genocide of the twentieth century. The Rwandan Genocide or also named the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsis, ravaged the entire country as neighbours killed neighbours. Genocide perpetrators claimed that the massacres were required in order to protect the nation from the invading Tutsi-dominated Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), which Rwanda had been fighting since 1990. It was the belief that the RPFRead MoreGhosts of Rwanda Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesGhosts of Rwanda Reflection Does the Genocide in Rwanda have a singular cause? I do not believe so; the cause of genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was due to years of built up hatred between the Tutsis and the Hutus along with many other occurrences. The Rwandan Genocide is no exception with many variables contributing to the horrific events that took place. According to the documentary Ghosts of Rwanda, in 1994, Rwanda experienced a premeditated, systematic and state sponsored genocide with the aimRead MoreCrimes in Rwandan Genocide, the Algerian War, and the Holocaust1444 Words   |  6 PagesIn the twentieth century there were many horrific events where civilians were sought out to be exploited in very violent manners. There were many conflicts that display this form of violence against humans in the twentieth century, but the 3 that stand out and best represent are the Rwandan Genocide, the Algerian War, along with the most horrific display of violence against civilians, the Holocaust. These 3 instances are geographically diverse as well as being 3 completely different forms of violentRead MoreInternational Community Is Culpable For The Rwandan Genocide1376 Words   |  6 PagesApril to June 1994, in a mere 100 days, approximately 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu were murdered during the Rwandan genocide (Destexhe, 1994). The international community failed to prevent or stop this slaughter. Considering the horrific nature of this genocide and the vast number of victims, there is a question whether the international community is culpable for the Rwandan genocide; specifically, the role of its key players, the US, the UN, France and Belgium. I will argue that the internationalRead MoreViolence that Took Place in the Twentieth Century905 Words   |  4 PagesIn the twentieth century humanity experienced violence on a wider scale than ever before. This violence took the name of war, revolution, genocide, as well as various other attempts to provide an explanation for the amount of human sacrifice and loss. Through these events billions of people came face to face with experiences that challenged their concept of humanity. Humanity is a seemingly well founded idea that humans were innately separate from beasts and animals; this idea is required by a centralRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide of 19941183 Words   |  5 Pagesterrible event occurred in Rwanda, and it is known as the Rwandan Genocide. Genocide can be described as a one sided mass killing in which the state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are identified by the perpetrator. (Hintjens, 1999) This is exactly what took place in Rwanda in 1994. In Rwanda the population was mostly Hutu (84%) and had two minorities, Tutsi (15%) and Twa (1%). (Hoex, 2010) The perpetrators of the genocide were the Hutu majorityRead More The Crisis in Darfur, Sudan Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crisis in Darfur, Sudan Genocide, the attempt to destroy a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity, remains alive and well. The definition of genocide as given in the Websters Dictionary is The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, political, or cultural group. This definition depicts the situation in 1994 of Rwanda, a small and poor central African country. What makes this crisis particularly shocking is the structural character of the violence:Read MoreExtermination in Genocide1105 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 2012 Extermination in Genocide All genocides that have occurred in human history include various stages that are usually present; however, extermination, the 7th stage of genocide, is one that is present in all genocides. From the Armenian genocide and Darfur genocide, to the Rwandan and Jewish genocides, extermination is ever present in all of these. Extermination is explained to be mass killings of people, which defines the legal term â€Å"genocide†, and is caused when the killers

An Argument On An Ontological Argument Essay - 715 Words

NO THANKSGET THE APP Philosophy Essay #2 Beverly Perez Dr. Jacob Tuttle PHIL 1880-21 // MWF3-4PM 04 December 2015 An ontological argument tries to show that God exists by appealing only to truths of reasons, which can be known apart from observation. This is what Anselm attempts to do. Anselm first starts by establishing that God is the greatest possible being that can be imagined, acknowledging that God exists in the mind. Based on this his argument can be stated with the following premises: It is a conceptual truth that God is the greatest possible being that can be imagined. (God exists as an idea in the mind.) A being that exists as an idea in the mind and in reality is, greater than a being that exists only as an idea in the mind. Thus, if God exists only as an idea in the mind, then we can imagine something greater, but we cannot imagine something that is greater than God. Therefore, God exists. Premise number one is Anselm’s conception of God. Premise number two is a logical truth, again according to Anselm. Finally, premise number three simply follows from the previous two premises. In short, Anselm’s thinking behind his argument is â€Å"because a supreme being exists in the understanding, it must exist in reality.† He defends his argument by comparing a non-existent â€Å"something† with an existent â€Å"something†. An existent â€Å"something†, says Anselm, is greater than a non-existent â€Å"something†. If God were non-existent, then we could imagine a God greater than he, namely anShow MoreRelatedOntological Arguments : The Ontological Argument1453 Words   |  6 PagesThe nature of this question is pointing towards ontological arguments, these arguments claim that understanding God’s definition to be true can prove His existence. The proof used is a priori and this means that the propositions do no not requir e sense experience to be understood as true. The name ontological is taken from two Greek words, ‘ontos’ (being) and ‘logos’ (study of) which shows that the argument is concerned with the nature of God, and it is from His nature that His existence is arguedRead MoreThe Argument On The Ontological Argument1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ontological Argument was proposed by a man named St. Anselm in which he used this argument to prove this existence of God by utilizing an a priori reasoning. The argument does not provide any kind of physical evidence, but instead the argument is made through thoughts and logic. The ontological argument takes the idea of God to show that God must exist in understanding according to Anselm. In other words, Anselm suggests that the greatest conceivable being must exist because that being mustRead MoreOntological Argument999 Words   |  4 PagesOntological Argument One of the most fascinating arguments for the existence of an all-perfect God is the ontological argument. Ontological arguments are arguments to prove the existence of God based on pure reason alone. They attempt to show that we can deduce God’s existence from, so to speak, the very definition of God. St. Anselm of Canterbury proposed the first and most well known ontological argument in 1078 in his Proslogion, but it was actually Immanuel Kant, an 18th century German philosopherRead MoreAnselm s Argument On The Ontological Argument1614 Words   |  7 Pagesexists, otherwise known as the ontological argument. Anselm believes that â€Å"there is no doubt that something than which a greater cannot be thought exists both in the understanding and in reality (Anselm, Proslogion, 7).† In other words, we cannot imagine something that is able to be greater than God; it would be a contradiction to think being greater than the greatest possible being that can be thought of. A n umber of philosophers do not agree with Anselm’s argument, such as Gaunilo, St. Thomas AquinasRead MoreAssess the Ontological Argument818 Words   |  4 Pages08 Assess whether the ontological argument demonstrates the existence of God. (30 marks) The ontological argument was first formulated by St. Anselm in the 11th century. It argues the existence of God from a deductive and a priori stance. God is a being than which none greater can be conceived. This is the response given by St Anselm to the fool in the psalm who believed there was no God. St Anselm the Archbishop of Canterbury and of the Benedictine Order explained that for God to exist in theRead More The Ontological Argument Essay680 Words   |  3 PagesThe Ontological Argument In Anselms ontological argument he is trying to prove the existence of God, his argument is an argument purely based on the mind and does not require the moral agent to venture into the real of the senses. Ontology is to do with being, or what something is. Anselms ontological argument concerns existence and whether it is an attribute of God in the same way omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence are believed to be. The argument is an a prioriRead More Ontological Argument Essay2922 Words   |  12 Pagesthe existence of God. These theories are the ontological argument, the cosmological argument, and the teleological argument. St. Anselm of eleventh century, and Descartes of seventeenth century, have used the ontological argument for proving the existence of God. The God, for them, is supreme, quot;needing nothing outside himself, but needful for the being and well-being of all things.quot; (Pg. 305). St Anselm’s account of the ontological argument for the existence of God deals with the ‘existenceRead MoreThe Ontological Argument By Anselm1524 Words   |  7 Pages I will begin my paper by discussing the two major versions of the ontological argument by Anselm presented in the proslogion. The first being â€Å"Possible and actual existence†, and the second being â€Å"Contingent or Necessary†. One should start off with the first summarized in the standard form as follows: #1 It is a conceptual truth that God is a being than which none greater can be imagined. #2 God exists as an idea in the mind. #3 A being that exists as an idea in the mind and in reality is, otherRead MoreExploring the Ontological Argument1746 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the Ontological Argument For nearly a thousand years, the ontological argument has captured the attention of philosophers. The ontological argument was revolutionary in its sequence from thought to reality. It was an argument that did not require any corresponding experiment in reality; it functioned without the necessity of empirical data. Despite flaws and problems found in some ontological arguments and the objections raised to those arguments, ontological arguments still provide aRead MoreAdvantages Of The Ontological Argument1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ontological Argument attempts provide absolute proof that God exists so that His existence cannot be questioned otherwise. It is a deductive argument that argues de dicto – the premises involving the definition of God and existence. It is based on a priori knowledge that comes to an analytic statement that is necessarily valid. If the premises of the argument are true, then the conclusion is self-evident and and the argument provides absolute p roof for the existence of God. This is in direct

Successful Completion

Question: Write a "Successful Completion" and reflective analysis? Answer: Reflective Analysis In order to fulfill the first learning outcome, I have focused on my interpersonal skill to understand the principles of interpersonal communication that are inescapable, irreversible, complicated and contextual. It helped me to understand the different communication ways that was beneficial for me to develop my skill and have healthy conversation. For the second outcome that is teamwork skills I have focused on my internal skills and experience that helped me in coping up with other team member (Johnson, 2012). On the other hand I focused on listening, persuading, sharing and participating skills that was valuable for doing the work in effective way. Apart from that, for third outcome, I dealt with communication skill by using verbal and written format in order to converse with the other people. It was effective in completing the task in due time and gaining due support from other people. In the fourth learning, I focused on oral presentation for delivering my thoughts and work to the audience. It was done by creating a simple and in understandable language. In the next that is fifth learning, I discussed the effectives of following ethics and adopting codes of behavior and dealt with issues relating to legal, societal and privacy in reference ICT industry. I have used the entire principles associated behind such act and it developed my personal and professional skill. In the sixth learning, I highlighted on the work practices that has to be adopted during course of action. It helped me in knowing that work has to be done within the set rules and practice so that other does not get affected. In the seventh learning, I assess the use of ICT in improving the processes of organization. I found that ICT is helpful in coordinating the work and work can be carried in quick pace (Morrison, 2012). In the eighth learning, I found that use of technology is effective in enhancing the communication channel that increases the information and work process. The course helped me to enhance my knowledge and professional skill that will be beneficial for me in my future development. The two things that I liked during the course is focus on interpersonal skill and use of ICT in organization. I liked it because interpersonal skill is necessary to build better and healthy relationship with the people around. On the other hand, advancement in technology such ICT has reduced the workload and work can be carried in much easier manner. Therefore, ICT is important in today complex environment. I found that there was lack of support from the seniors and due to that it took time for me to understand the topic and continuing my work. Therefore, I want it should be improved so that other people can be able to do their task in due time. Other suggestion that I want to provide is reduction in the course length. I want it because lengthy course increases fatigue and lower down the interest of mine. Therefore, short course length will maintain the interest and work can be done in more effective manner. References Johnson, C. (2012). Organizational ethics. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Morrison, T. (2012). Working alliance and functional outcomes in an occupational therapy intervention.

Japanese and Korean Shipping Industry

Questions: 1. How does shipping accommodate economies of scale?2. What are the advantages of a globalised market for shipping? Answers: Introduction Container shipping has developed significantly since the 1950s, particularly in terms of vessel size. However, the question of economies of scale may have a direct impact on the worldwide shipping industry. Issues like poor financing, strong competition, the decline of conferences, and a less regulated shipping industry are exerting pressure on many carriers to minimise their expenses and develop innovative ideas. The advantage of economies of scale in shipping is strong involvement of government that would help to maintain higher capacity in producing larger ship sizes and environment solutions by increasing cost savings. Further, advantages of global maritime markets could lead to rapid ship speed, intensive-oil power systems, opening shipping routes, and specialisation of maritime solutions. However, the shipping industry has been facing fierce competition that is creating issues for the newcomers to enter the market. Based on these concepts, this report would highlight the shippi ng industry economies of scales specially focusing on the Japanese and Korean shipping industry and would also discuss the advantages of globalised market for the shipping industry. 1. How does shipping accommodate economies of scale? Like other different transportations, the shipping industries also have profited from economies of scale in inland transportation, transhipment and maritime shipping. For maritime container shipping, the capacity of the ships increases with low- cost per TEU. Thus, in this context, it can be said that there is a possibility to increase the size of the ships. Therefore, dry cargo vessels have steadily increased in size, and have closed the gap with oil tankers on average. In1995, they were, on average half the size and by 2005, they were excelled two third of the average tank size. Container vessels have also beyond their average size, enlarging dramatically from 1995 to 2007. In TEU terms, the average size of a 1995 containership was 1,431. By 2006, it had improved to 2,316 with an increase of 56% over the original value (ICS, 2013, Pp86). A ships deadweight that is its cargo-capacity in tonnes is the principal measure size for cargo ships. Japan and South Korea have recently overwhelmed the shipbuilding industry, producing over two-thirds of the world ships, with China coming up very fast and trembling its between 2005, aiming to be the largest ship builder (Stopford, 2009, Pp614). Initially, the western nations used to dominate the shipping industry. But presently, Korea has been leading the market, followed by China and Japan (shown below in the graph) (Sung et al., 2010). Figure 1: Global Shipbuilding Industry Market Shares Source: (Sung et al., 2010) Although South Korea is leading global shipping industry market share, Japanese government involvement in shipping industry would considerably influence on maritime economy. The government of Japan gave information on seven organizations that are recorded in either the Osaka or Tokyo stock exchanges five are recorded as shipbuilding organisations while the other two are recorded as enhanced hardware companies. Each of the organisations is a vast industry in shipbuilding, and each is held by different groups of shareholders (Council Working party on Ship Building, 2013). The detailed information below illustrates Japanese government involvement: Shareholder's (%) Company Financial Institutions Security companies Other corporations Foreign Institutions/Individuals Individuals/Others Government and local public entities Mitsubishi Heavy Industries(MHL) 34.8 1.2 9.4 21 33.6 0 Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding(MES) 37.6 2.9 13.9 13.1 32.5 0 Kawasaki Heavy Industries (KHI) 35.6 2.1 10.2 16.2 35.9 0 Namura Shipbuilding 12.6 1.9 46.3 12.6 26.6 0 Sasebo Heavy Industries 18.6 1.5 27.8 8.5 42.6 0 Sanoyasu Holdings 19.2 2.3 38.2 8.4 32.9 0 Naikai Zosen 9.6 0.5 40.3 2.1 47.5 0 (1) Sasebo City owns 0.9% the stocks of Saseobo Heavy Industries, for fund management purposes. Source: Council working party in shipbuilding, 2013, Pp14 Also, the graphical representation shows the stability of Japanese ship building capacity: Figure 2: Stability of Japanese ship building capacity Source: (Korea Shipbuilders Association, 2009, pp11) In contrast, there have been controversial arguments in South Korea shipping firms owing to a lack of government involvement. Korea Business (2013) states financial burdens of South Korean shipping firms are demanding practical support countermeasures from the Korean government and financial institutes. 4C Offshore (2015) also claims a rise in government exposure to the industry via ownership, credit export policies and the increase in the risk of government finances could deteriorate the Korean shipbuilding industry. To consider of the problem of Korean shipbuilding industry is the government is only proving ship acquisition fund to small and medium-sized ships firms. Furthermore, financial support from a financial institution is state-backed, which means it requires more than 4 billion of $US. These funds would avoid cancelling more than 100 new shipbuilding orders. This effect would lead South Korean shipbuilding debts (Oblakova, n.d). Ship-owners Association held in a conference in Seouls Yeouido Maritime building on 12 September. They agreed that the threat of financial debts is facing in the Korean Shipping industries. This requires an urgent need of government support. The Korean shipbuilding organisations also have been receiving a lot of public complaints due to odour (1.3%), particulate matter (32.1%) and mostly due to noise pollution (65%). However, it is found that most of the complaints received are the small- and medium-sized companies compared to large-scale shipyards. Conversely, Japanese shipbuilding has been working successfully. They have been mitigating such public complaint issues by utilising the lubrication system that takes some scavenging air from main engines turbocharger to the vessels bottom to reduce frictional resistance between the hull bottom and seawater, consequently curtailing CO2 emission. A system featuring this scavenging by air, by pass technology is expected to be effective in cutting down CO2 emissions from large ship having deep drafts (Japanese Ship Technology Research Association, 2014, Pp3). The expansion of Japanese vessels is not only more stable than their competitors, but also small and medium firms special ise in Japanese shipbuilding, thus domestic and international economic scales could significantly enhance. 2. What are the advantages of a globalised market for shipping? Shipping has been an imperative human action all through history, especially where thriving depended principally on worldwide and interregional trade. Globalisation is persuaded by the recognition that goods and resources are not generally arranged with the populaces that craving them, thus worldwide services of transportation are required. Due to globalisation, there has been a rise in the use of containers since 1956. Therefore, high-limit boats have been fabricated; today more than 60 have a limit more than 5,000 20-foot identical units (TEUs). Studies conjecture 6% yearly growth in traffic of container through 2005, as a consequence of proceeds with extension of the utilisation of containers by the industry of shipping in developing nations; expanded trade made merchandise and products with a higher worth included; the pattern towards globalisation by multinational makers; and development of megaships shows a rise in feeder and ship activity. Globalisation actually helps the shipping industry to minimise the expense of every unit of delivery, which were mostly utilized as transformation to fuel alternation in the 1900s instead of protecting energies. Oil-controlled business ships obliged fewer crews and appreciated different operations in fuelling. Oil controlled ships likewise quickened more rapidly than coal-fuelled frameworks, and could attain to higher velocities. Considering above components, global delivery have changed the whole armada from coal to oil more than five decades (Corbett Winebrake, 2008, Pp10). As it is indicated figure3, other than shipbuilding, there have been the progressions of different patterns in the advancement of the worldwide maritime area. The moving of energy creation to new ranges, especially the Arctic locale, and opening of new delivering courses, for example, the Northeast Passage, makes a developing interest for particular sea and seaward arrangements, and in addition new shipping services. Environmental-accommodating arrangements, for example, clean tech are developing the importance of consciousness of ecological preventions and the relocation of atmosphere changes could affect to worldwide sea commercial ventures (Smartcomp, 2013, Pp6). Figure 3. Comparison of the world fleet and sea trade developments Source: (Smartcomp, 2013, Pp6) From figure 4, it appears that there are minor obstacles when directing the investigation for tanker boats. However, in this case, the fixation is significantly bigger, since South Korea had a 66% offer, and the three primary exporters were in charge of 94.7% of all tanker fares worldwide. While creation, which is gathered, is performed in numerous nations, exportation is considerably more focused since it is performed by just a little number of nations. These certainties indicate the strict choice of the purchaser advertise that is positively connected to the cost and nature of the conveyances, additionally to less target elements. This proof demonstrates the significance of a decent market passage procedure for organisations wishing to go into this business sector (Pinto Colin, 2009, Pp144). Figure 4: largest ship importers between 1990 and 2006 Source: Pinto Colin, 2009, Pp144 Conclusion In conclusion, it appears Japanese shipbuilding development, including vessel sizes and types are more stable and a strong government involvement may secure the expansion of shipbuilding businesses, as well as financial issues. On the other hand, South Korea seems to struggle with ship building investment due to a lack of government support. Moreover, with the development of globalised markets, there are various factors can improve; shipping speed, intensive oil-power system, maritime offshore and environmental-friendly solutions, and international routes. However, newcomers may be difficult to compete due to strict selection of buyer's market and less objective factors and environment solutions are needed. It is predicted that the Japanese shipping industry would be leading other countries for some centuries. Furthermore, Japanese ship building firms are dominating the market in Asia as well as worldwide, if there were more effective international collaborations, there would be less financial issues, economies of scale seem to be efficient, particularly with Japanese firms, however, in Asia generally, there remain some barriers to progress, for instance, a lack of government involvement and environmental friendly solutions. Perhaps, there are further steps can be taken from government in order to improve Asian economies of scale; intensive financial support for all types of domestic shipping industry, as well as setting up smoother maritime government policies in Asia and international markets. References Business Korea (2013) Korean Shipping Industry Pushing for Prompt Government Financial Support. Available at:https://www.businesskorea.co.kr/article/1479/korean-shipping-industry-pushing-prompt-government-financial-support [Accessed at: 11th of March, 2015]. Corbett Winebrake(2008) The Impacts of Globalisation on International Maritime Transport Activity. OECD. 4C Offshore (2015) EXIM,K-Sure face losses from shipbuilders. Available at: https://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/exim,-k-sure-face-losses-from-shipbuilders-nid1367.html[Accessed at: 16th of March, 2015]. Council Working Party on Shipping(2013) Peer Review Of Japanese Government Support Measures To The Shipbuilding Sector. 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